How do local policies and trade barriers reshape the export
Zhu et al. [25] have studied the impact of domestic and foreign local policies and trade barriers on the development of China''s photovoltaic export industry, Hu et al. [26] take
In addition to exports to Asia, it is noteworthy that the United States of America stands out as the largest single Extra-European importer of European PV hardware. Table 3. The imported and exported value [€, millions] and the share [%] of PV modules and cells into Europe from third countries.
In 2023, the United Kingdom was the largest destination for extra-EU exports of wind turbines and solar panels, the United States for liquid biofuels. This article provides a picture of the international trade in green energy products of the European Union (EU) for three products: wind turbines, solar panels and liquid biofuels.
The largest extra-EU export destination for wind turbines was the United Kingdom (30%), followed by the United States (18%). China (98%) was by far the largest partner for extra-EU imports of solar panels in 2023 (see Figure 5). The largest extra-EU export destinations for solar panels were Switzerland (31%) and the United Kingdom (25%).
The EU import values of solar panels and liquid biofuels in 2023 were much higher than the corresponding EU export values which were €0.9 billion for solar panels and €2.2 billion for liquid biofuels. By contrast, the EU export value of wind turbines in 2023 (€2.0 billion) was much higher than the corresponding value for imports.
In 2023, China was the largest origin of extra-EU imports of wind turbines, solar panels and liquid biofuels. In 2023, the United Kingdom was the largest destination for extra-EU exports of wind turbines and solar panels, the United States for liquid biofuels.
The result clearly shows that China is the dominant source of supply for PV cells and modules in Europe. The concentration of supply from China is remarkable, with 89.9% of PV cells and 95.7% module imports originating from China. In total, 95.6% of the monetary value of total imports in these two categories is attributed to China.
Zhu et al. [25] have studied the impact of domestic and foreign local policies and trade barriers on the development of China''s photovoltaic export industry, Hu et al. [26] take
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